GYNAECOLOGY Resources

Gynaecology and reproductive health can sometimes be unknown or overwhelming. Your health matters and understanding and taking care of all aspects is vitally important. Following is some further information about common gynaecology issues to help keep you informed.

Cervical
Screening Test

Routine cervical screening is indicated for those between the ages of 25-74. This test was formally referred to as a ‘pap smear’. Testing will generally be initiated by your GP and referral to a Gynaecologist is made when there are abnormal results or a patient has symptoms that may relate to abnormalities of the cervix. Once referred, you can expect a discussion relating to your general history, any symptoms you may have and in most cases a colposcopy. 

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is a procedure used to closely examine the cervix for signs of abnormal cell change, typically (but not always) in response to an abnormal cervical screening test. The colposcope allows us to magnify the cells and assess for any changes that may indicate pre-cancerous or cancerous abnormality. If the cells appear abnormal, a series of biopsies may be taken to further assess and confirm suspected changes. 

After a colposcopy, you may experience some spotting and lower abdominal cramping, which are normal and nothing to worry about. Should these symptoms persist, you should always contact your health care provider. 

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled areas that develop on or within the ovary. Whilst there are many types of cysts, the majority are benign and typically resolve on their own as you go through your cycle. 

You may not be aware you have an ovarian cyst until such time that you develop symptoms, or it is picked up incidentally whilst looking for something else! Most ovarian cysts are benign, however, there are a small proportion of cysts that are abnormal. These may include: 

  • Dermoid cysts

  • Cystadenomas

  • Endometriomas, which are cysts arising secondary to the presence of endometriosis. 

  • Ovarian Cancer - Whilst less common, cancer associated with the ovaries may also present with ovarian cysts and should be investigated

Symptoms that you may experience and warrant presentation for review include:

  • Abdominal pain – this may develop over time or start suddenly

  • Bloating

  • Pain during sex

  • Menstrual irregularities

  • Urinary frequency if the cyst is large and pushing on the bladder

  • Reduced appetite or unintended weight loss

Ovarian cysts can be diagnosed via pelvic exam, although most typically via a pelvic ultrasound. A blood test may aid in determining possible risk of malignancy, particularly in the postmenopausal period. 

Ovarian cysts can be managed in different ways. If small, benign and inconsequential, sometimes no action or surveillance alone is required to monitor. In some cases, the cyst may resolve on its own, if it is a functional cyst associated with your menstrual cycle. 

Alternatively, hormonal control in the form of the oral contraceptive pill may help to suppress formation of further cysts if you have had recurrent issues. 

Surgery to remove the cyst, a ‘cystectomy’ performed via keyhole surgery, is indicated when the cyst is large, causing symptoms or appears worrying.